Slovak National Report to IUGG

 

Report to IAMAS

 

HEAT AND WATER VAPOUR TRANSFER IN THE SURFACE LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHER

Aerodynamic characteristics of the air layer with properties modified by vegetation were theoretically and experimentally analysed (Hurtalová 1995). Values of the roughness parameters were determined for some of economically significant field crops (Hurtalová 1998). Universal function of similarity theory were derived for a case of stabile thermal stratification. The exchange of heat and water vapour between plant canopies and surrounding air were calculated in different geographic and climatic conditions. crops (Hurtalová 1996, Hurtalo-vá, Novák, Matejka & Šútor 1996, Novák, Hurtalová & Matejka 1997a). Main factors affecting the evapotranspiration and its components were identified (Hurtalová & Vašková 1996, Matejka 1996b).
     Validity of self-preservation hypothesis was tested for a surface created by plant canopies (Hurtalová & Matejka 1996c).
     A mathematical model of interrelations between plant canopies and the surface layer of the atmosphere has been designed and experimentally verified (Matejka 1997, Matejka 1998a, Matejka 1998b). Results of model simulations led to conclusions that a physiological regulation of heat and water vapour transfer from the canopy to the atmosphere is an important factor affecting not only partitioning of the energy in the energy balance equation but also its surface temperature and consequently the air temperature and humidity in the surface layer of the atmosphere above the canopy (Matejka 1995, Huzulák & Matejka 1996, Matejka 1996a, Novák & Matejka 1998). The possible impacts of climate change on evapotranspiration for winter wheat and sugar beet were predicted (Matejka & Huzulák 1995, Novák, Hurtalová & Matejka 1997b).

 

OZONE AND UV RADIATION

Ozone data from Slovak monitoring network for 1994 have been evaluated with respect to the exceedence of the threshold and critical values for vegetation and human health protection (Závodská 1998, Závodská, Bileík & Závodský 1996).
     To estimate the effect of the changes in a cloud on the surface UV-B radiation doses the radiative transfer calculations have been combined with the UV transmission data in Bratislava and at Skalnaté Pleso (Hrázdil & Závodská 1997). The result of radiative transfer calculation combined with the ultraviolet (UV) radiation transmission data in Bratislava and Skalnaté Pleso have been used to separate and contrast the total-column ozone and cloud cover effects on the monthly and annual doses of the surface UV-B radiation. The results confirmed an important role of cloud cover in determining the surface UV-B radiation level. It is possible that the UV transmission (or cloudiness) change may compensate partly or fully or may intensity the total-column ozone decrease effect. From the standpoint of UV-B radiation influence on human health, the summer season cloudiness change is of most interest.
     The clear-sky radiative transfer calculations (LOWTRAN 7) have been used to estimate the changes in DUV (damaging ultraviolet radiation) due to total ozone and aerosols. Modelled data were compared with observations (Bileík, Chmelík & Závodská 1995). Some results of analysis of biologically active UV radiation experimental data obtained from spectral measurements by a Brewer ozone spectrophotometer at Poprad-Gánovce station during the period 1994-1997 (Bileík & Mišaga 1998).

 

TREND AND VARIABILITY OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS

Time series of air temperature in Bratislava and at Lomnický štít (Slovakia), in Sofia and at Eerni vrch (Bulgaria) were used for the analysis of long-term variations of air temperature regime in these localities. The intensity and tendency of air temperature fluctuations were determined using air temperature deviations from the long-term average (Ostrožlík, Murínová & Koleva 1995).
     Annual sums of global solar radiation at Skalnaté Pleso from the period of 1944-1993 were used to find the long-term trend. For the estimation of the changes of global radiation the linear approximation of the time series was applied (Ostrožlík 1995).
     Based on experimental data of the monthly and annual sums of global radiation as well as mean monthly and annual values of air temperature at Skalnaté Pleso during the period 1944-1993 the time variations in global solar radiation and air temperature were studied. The obtained results have shown that characteristics of both the global solar radiation and the air temperature at Skalnaté Pleso are in a good agreement with those reported from other stations. The expressive decreasing tendency of the global solar radiation and the increasing of air temperature are probably connected with atmospheric composition changes (aerosol amount) as well as with the changes in the atmospheric circulation (Ostrožlík 1996a, Ostrožlík 1996b, Ostrožlík 1997).
     Analysis of annual sums of global solar radiation at Hurbanovo and at Skalnaté Pleso has shown the tendency of global radiation change has a decreasing character. Substantially higher annual amplitude of mean monthly sums of global radiation at Hurbanovo than at Skalnaté Pleso is due first of all to the different regime of cloudiness in both positions (Ostrožlík & Horecká 1996).

 

RADIATIVE PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

To study of the time variability of diffuse radiation in the boundary layer of atmosphere the diffuse radiation flux density measurements at Skalnaté Pleso and Stará Lesná during the period 1991-1995 have been used (Smolen & Ostrožlík 1997). Results of the effect of albedo, atmospheric turbidity, and cloudiness on the diffuse radiation in the high-mountain positions have shown that the highest values of diffuse irradiation in the high-mountain conditions occur in the spring months. This fact is particularly evident at the clear sky. A more detail analysis of the diffuse radiation dependence on the meteorological elements showed that the spring maximum of the diffuse irradiance is caused by the atmospheric turbidity as well as the high albedo of snow cover (Smolen & Ostrožlík 1998).
     Long-wave radiation flux measurements at the meteorological observatories Stará Lesná and Skalnaté Pleso were used as input parameters in the study of the long-wave radiation balance at clear and cloudy sky conditions (Smolen & Ostrožlík 1997).
     Based on the changes of the long-wave radiation balance with altitude in the atmospheric layer between Stará Lesná and Skalnaté Pleso, the fluctuations of the radiative cooling rates were calculated (Smolen & Ostrožlík 1998). The radiative cooling rate increases with the decreasing value of the thermal gradient. The highest values of radiative cooling have occurred at strong thermal inversion and low water vapour pressure. It was confirmed that in annual mean sense, clouds reduce the radiative cooling rate to level of 43% of the value that would exist if sky over measurement sites remained clear.
     The long-wave as well as the short-wave radiation fluxes in 200 m thick surface layer of atmosphere were made during the international experiment BOHUNICEŽ96, and their vertical and temporal variability was evaluated (Smolen, Ostrožlík & Žák 1996, Smolen & Žák 1995).

 

CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROSOLS

The structural characteristics of aerosols were determined by methods of inverse tasks using the measurements of spectral flux density of direct solar radiation in Bratislava (Lukáe & Kocifaj 1995). Aerosol size distribution function was calculated by means of the inverse tasks from the direct or diffuse spectral solar radiation. The aerosol size distribution function was chosen in the form of a modified gamma function (Lukáe & Kocifaj 1996a, Kocifaj & Lukáe 1996b, Lukáe & Kocifaj 1997). The attenuation of direct solar radiation in the cloudless atmosphere depends mostly on aerosol, its amount, structure, and chemical properties (Lukáe 1996, Lukáe & Kocifaj 1997).

 

MODELLING OF AIR POLLUTION

The method of air pollution calculation from the road traffic was elaborated (Hesek 1995a). The method was issued by the Ministry of the Environment as an obligatory method for calculating of air pollution from the road traffic in Slovakia. Mathematical algorithm of the method is based on the numerical solution of stationary two-dimensional equation of turbulent diffusion. The street is considered as a canyon, enclosed from either one or both sides by the urban built – up areas. Two types of the pollutant concentration calculatings are distinguished:

The calculation of the pollutant concentration distribution in a given street. The turbulent diffusion equation is solved as a boundary problem. The boundary conditions express the influence of the built – up area geometry and its structure upon the pollutant concentration.

The calculation of the pollutant concentration distribution in the free atmosphere over the entire city.

The output results are in the numerical and the graphical form. The calculation method was properly verified in two biggest cities of Slovakia: Bratislava and Košice (Hesek 1998b, Hesek 1998c). The verification showed that the computed results are in a very good agreement with measured data.
     The calculation method was modified for the air pollution calculation from highways, parkings places, collective garages and tunnels (Hesek 1998a, Hesek 1998d, Hesek 1999a, Hesek 1999b, Iureanská & Hesek 1998).
     A new air pollution calculation method from stationary sources in Slovakia was proposed (Hesek 1995a, Hesek 1995c, Hesek 1996a). The algorithm of the method is mostly identical with the algorithm of Industrial Source Complex (ISC2) Dispersion Models, which was issued in USA by EPA in 1992 (USA EPA 1992). The input and output of ISC2 was modified, to anable operational using the method for wide spectrum of users.
     In connection with the new computational Slovak method the method for the calculation of the minimal stack height was proposed (Hesek 1995d, Hesek 1996b, Hesek 1997). A new air pollution calculation method in Slovakia takes into account the influence of built – up area on the pollutant dispersion. The influence of the building height on the pollutant concentration was analysed (Hesek 1996c).

 

CLIMATE CHANGES, SCENARIOS, IMPACTS AND ADAPTIVE OPTIONS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

Climatic changes in Slovakia can be analysed using instrumental meteorological measurements since 1881 (3 stations for temperature and about 20 for precipitation). Daily temperature and precipitation measurements in relevant quality are to disposal at the Hurbanovo station only (115 m a.s.l., south-western Slovakia) since 1871. Starting 1881 the areal precipitation totals for Slovakia have been calculated from about 200 stations by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (double weighted averages method was applied).
     The first climate change scenarios for Slovakia were prepared in the National Climate Program studies (1991-1997, under the Ministry of Environment coordination). In the 1994-1997 period Slovakia participated in the U.S. Country Studies Program and new climate scenarios were published (outputs of the CCCM, GISS and GFD03 General Circulation models (GCMs) were modified for Slovakia, 3.4-4.3 °C annual temperature increase in Slovakia in 2075). The „combined" scenarios, using GCMs and historical analogues have been prepared. New generation of the GCMs has been issued since 1996. Outputs of the Canadian Climate Centre 1st-generation coupled model (CCCM) were adopted for Slovakia and for the 1901-2100 period at the beginning of 1999 only. These temperature, precipitation and solar radiation monthly data enable to calculate/generate time series of monthly means comparable to original measured ones for selected sites in Slovakia. Outputs of the other new GCMs are under preparation.
     In 1994 a new project titled „Climate Changes and Variability in the Western Carpathians" was established. Climatologists from the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMWM) branch in Cracow and the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMI) in Bratislava took part in this project. The main subject of the presented study is the research of climatic changes and variability in the Western Carpathians during the 1951-1995 period. The firs results were presented in the ECAM Conference in 1998.
     Climate change scenarios have been used for model calculation of climate change impacts, especially in the Water sector (hydrologic cycle/balance calculation, water resources), Agriculture (plant production, ecosystems) and Forestry (forest ecosystems, forestry management). Air temperature and potential evapotranspiration have been continuously increased and precipitation decreased in the last decades, these caused significant decrease of soil moisture in southern Slovakia and decrease of runoff (by 40% in some southern regions) in all Slovakia. Comparable evolution is expected in the future (see the References enclosed).
     Several papers have been issued on the climatic data quality control and methods of analysis in the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute recently (Nieplová 1996). The most of inhomogeneities can be successfully removed at the air temperature time series only. The series of precipitation totals have many inhomogeneities caused by unknown reasons. Some of them exist probably due to the different influences of atmospheric circulation upon the mountains, valleys and hollows with different orientations (upwind and lee effects). The testing of homogeneity was provided mostly by the Craddock method. The quality control of air humidity, air pressure and sunshine duration data is at the beginning only. The METADATA, i.e. information on stations and observed data have been used at the homogeneisation.
     The highest rise of monthly temperatures occurred nearly equally in all Slovakia from January to August (from 1.0 to 1.7 °C). The 11-years period 1988-1998 seems to be the extreme warm in central Europe not only in the 20th century, but also in the last 230 years. The precipitation trends are more complex in different parts of Slovakia. South-western Slovakia is normally the warmest and driest region and there occurred the most significant decrease of precipitation totals in the warm/growing period of the year (about 10% compared to the 1901-1950 averages, 2.8% in all Slovakia). Significant decrease of precipitation occurred also in the cold half-year (all Slovakia average 14%, in eastern Slovakia even 36%). The annual precipitation totals decreased by about 5% in the northern Slovakia, and by about 15% in southern Slovakia (about 15% in some localities only in northern half of Slovakia). The period from 1975 to 1998 is significant by no higher annual areal precipitation totals than 110% of 1901-1950 normal in the individual years, extreme low precipitation occurred in the 1986-1993 period. The 1994-1999 period is interesting because of high areal and temporal precipitation variability (floods in some regions and drought in the others). More detail information on this topic has been published by Lapin and Faško.
     These changes had influence also to the other climatic elements in Slovakia – relative air humidity decreased by about 5% from 1901 to 1994, more in spring and in south-western Slovakia, potential evaporation increased in the same months by about 15%, more in spring-summer season and in south-western Slovakia (Lapin et al., 1997).

 

REFERENCES AND PUBLICATIONS

Bilčík D., Chmelík M., Závodská E., 1995. Changes in DUV radiation: model calculations and measurement. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 15, 34-42.

Bilčík D., Mišaga O., 1998. Effects of cloudiness on biologically active UV radiation at the station Poprad-Gánovce (Slovakia). Meteorol. Eas., 1, 2, 25-30.

Brázdil R., Budíková M., Faško P., Lapin M., 1995. Fluctuation of Maximum and Minimum Air Temperatures in the Czech and the Slovak Republics. Atmospheric Research, Special Issue: Minimax Workshop, Kukla G., Karl T. and Riches M Eds., Volume 37, Nos. 1-3, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Lausanne, New York, Oxfort, Shannon, Tokyo, July 1995, 53-65.

Cebulak E., Faško P., Lapin M., 1998. Variability of Precipitation in the Western Carpathians. In: Proceedings of the ECAC98, Vienna, Austria, 7 pp. (on CD).

Eunderlík J., Hlaveová K., Szolgay J., 1997. Climate Change impact on Changes of Annual Runoff Patterns in the selected River Basins in Slovakia. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, Vol. 46, No. 2, 114-143.

Iureanská D., Hesek F., 1998. Modelling of the influence of highways on the air pollution. Studies of university in Žilina, Civil engineering series, 21, 81-92.

Falarz M., Faško P., Lapin M., 1998. Lon-term variability of snow cover in the Carpathians. In: Proceedings of the ECAC98, Vienna, Austria, 7 pp. (on CD).

Faško P., Lapin M., 1998. Evaluation of Extraordinary Precipitation Events Occurrence in Slovakia. Bulletin SMS at SAV, IX, No. 3, Bratislava, 21-25. (in Slovak)

Hesek F., 1995a. Methodology for calculation of automobile air pollution (in Slovak). Meteorologické zprávy, 48, 33-36.

Hesek F., 1995b. Project of the method for calculation of air pollution from stationary sources in Slovakia (in Slovak). Meteorologické zprávy, 48, 70-76.

Hesek F., 1995c. Project of principles of air pollution calculation method from stationary sources in Slovakia. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 15, 74-90.

Hesek F., 1995d. Minimal stack height (in Slovak). Meteorologické zprávy, 48, 172-176.

Hesek F., 1996a. Short-term air pollution modelling. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 16, 69-80.

Hesek F., 1996b. Minimum stack height. In: Meteorological processes in the boundary layer of the atmosphere, October 7-11, 1996, Geoph. Inst. SAS, Stara Lesná, 197-203.

Hesek F., 1996c. Building wake effects and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. In: Seventeenth International Conference on Carpathian Meteorology, October 14-18, 1996, Hungarian Meteorological Society, Visegrád, 202-206.

Hesek F., 1997. Maximum ground level pollutant calculations from elevated point source. Contr. Geoph. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorology, 17, 54-64.

Hesek F., 1998a. Using of the air calculation method from road traffic for highway projecting. Contr. Geoph. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 18, 76-83.

Hesek F., 1998b. Air pollution from car traffic in Bratislava, and Košice (in Slovak). In: Ovzdušie ’98, May 19-21, SHMÚ, Tatranská Lomnica, 169-172.

Hesek F., 1998c. Local studies of air quality in the cities of Bratislava and Košice. Phare EU/93/AIR/22, Final report Air Quality Modelling, V6, Appendix A: Results of the Slovakian model, 21p.

Hesek F., 1998d. Mathematical model of expected air pollution from the line sources (in Slovak). In: Special study material, June 10-11, 1998, ministry of the Environment, 14 p.

Hesek F., 1999a. Mathematical air pollution modelling in a road tunnel.(in Slovak). Meteorologické zprávy, 52, 13-16.

Hesek F., 1999b. Modelling of air pollution in a road tunnel. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 19 (in press).

Hlaveová K., Eunderlík J., 1998. Impact of Climate Change on the Seasonal Distribution of Runoff in Mountainous Basins in Slovakia. In: Kovar, K. et al. eds.: Hydrology, Water Resources and Ecology in Headwaters. IAHS publ. No. 248, Bolzano, IAHS Press, Bolzano, 39-46

Hrazdil A., Závodská E., 1997. The role of cloud cover in moderating surface UV-B radiation. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 17, 26-34.

Hurtalová T., 1995. Aerodynamic resistance role in the plant-atmosphere system. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 15, 52-61.

Hurtalová T., 1996. Evaporative flux ratio over rye canopy surface. In: Meteorological Processes in the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere. GI SAV Bratislava, 116-121.

Hurtalová T., 1997. Self-preservation in the daily course of the surface energy balance. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 17, 35-43.

Hurtalová T., 1998. Influence of dynamic roughness and wind speed on sensible heat flux. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 18, 56-64.

Hurtalová T., Novák V., Matejka F., Šútor J., 1996. Comparison of two methods of evapotranspiration calculation. Zeszyty problemove nauk rolniczych, 436, 75-80.

Hurtalová T., Vašková M., 1996. Dependence of stomatal resistance of berries on its leaf water potential and global radiation. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 16, 40-46.

Huzulák J., Matejka F., 1996. Irrigation timing by means of simple model of canopy water regime. Rostlinná výroba, 42, 12, 559-562.

Kocifaj M., Lukáe J., 1996a. Test of gamma function as particle size distribution using radiance data. J. Aerosol Sci., 27, Suppl. 1, 563-564.

Kocifaj M., Lukáe J., 1996b. Diffuse radiation and particle structure. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS , Ser. Meteorol., 16, 17-26.

Kocifaj M., Lukáe J., 1997. Direct solar radiation in earth’s atmosphere and particle structure. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 17, 18-25.

Lapin M., 1995. Assessment of the Slovak Republic's Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptive Strategies Design. Journal of Hydrol. and Hydromech., 43, No. 4-5, 354-370.

Lapin M., 1995. Climatological Monitoring of Territory Affected by Construction of the Danube Hydroelectric Power Project and Evaluation of Initial Impact. Gabcíkovo Part of the Hydroelectric Power Project - Environmental Impact Review. Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 15-22.

Lapin M., 1996. Scenarios of Climate Change in Slovakia. In.: Forest Ecosystems and Global Climate Changes (Ed.: Mindáš, Škvarenina, Caboun), Proceedings of the Conferencein LVÚ, Zvolen on 22. 2. 1995. LVÚ, Zvolen, 7-15 (in Slovak with English summary)

Lapin M., Faško P., 1996. Precipitation Totals in Slovakia and Atmospheric Circulation Changes in the 1874-1993 Period. Meteorolog. zpr., 49, No. 1., Prague, 1-11. (in Slovak with English Summary)

Lapin M., Faško P., 1996. Snow Cover and Precipitation Totals in Slovakia and Atmospheric Circulation Changes in the 1874-1993 period. In.: Joze Rakovec and Mark Zagar (Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Alpine Meteorology. HMI of Slovenia, Bled, 259-266.

Lapin M., Limanowka D., Niedzwiedz T., Nieplová E., 1998. International Project on Climate Changes and Variability in the Western Carpathians. In: Proceedings of the ECAC98, Vienna, Austria, 7 pp. (on CD).

Lapin M., Nieplová E., Faško P., 1995. Regional Air Temperature and Precipitation Changes Scenarios for Slovakia. In: NKP SR, No. 3., MZP SR and SHMÚ, Bratislava, 17-57 (in Slovak with extended English summary)

Lapin M., Závodský D., Majercáková O., Mindáš J., Špánik F., 1996. Preliminary Results of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Slovakia. In.: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change. U.S. Country Studies Program, Kluver Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 295-312.

Lapin M., 1997. Scenarios of Climate Change in Slovakia. In.: NKP SR, No. 6., MZP SR and SHMÚ, Bratislava, 111-117. (in Slovak with English summary)

Lapin M., Faško P., 1997. Inter-Sequential Variability of Atmospheric Precipitation Totals in Slovakia. Acta Meteorologica Universitatis Comenianae, Volume XXVI, Comenius University Press, Bratislava, 33-74.

Lapin M., Faško P., 1998. Change of Precipitation Variability in Slovakia in the 1881-1997 Period. In: Booklet of Proceedings of ICAM98, Torino, Italy, 126-131.

Lapin M., Pišútová Z., 1998. Changes of Cyclonicity, Air Pressure and Precipitation Totals in the 1901-1995 Period. Meteorologický casopis, 1, No. 1, SHMÚ, Bratislava, 15-22.

Lapin M., Závodský D., Majereáková O., Mindáš J., Špánik F., 1997. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Slovakia. Final Report of the Slovak Republic’s Country Study, Element 2, U.S. Country Studies Program, Slovak Ministry of the Environment, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava, 219 pp.

Limanowka D., Nieplová E., 1998. Air temperature variability in the Western Carpathians. In: Proceedings of the ECAC98, Vienna, Austria, 7 pp. (on CD)..

Lukáe J., 1996. Variability of aerosol influence on solar radiation. In: Climate Variability and Climate Change. Variability and Adaptation. IAP CAS Prague, 267-269.

Lukáe J., Kocifaj M., 1995. Structural characteristics of aerosol determined by method of inverse tasks. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 15, 23-33.

Lukáe J., Kocifaj M., 1996. Retrieval of the aerosol size distribution from spectral solar radiation measurements. Idojárás, 100, 79-87.

Majereáková O., 1997. Slovak National Climate Programme - Hydrology and Water Economy. In: NKP SR, No. 6, MZP SR and SHMÚ, Bratislava, 5-10. (in Slovak with English summary)

Majereáková O., Šedík P., 1997. Hydrological Scenarios of Possible Runoff Changes for Slovak Flows during the Year. In: NKP SR, No. 6, MZP SR and SHMÚ, Bratislava, 125-140. (in Slovak with English summary)

Mareeková K., Lapin M., Minárik B., Mojík I., Závadský I., Závodský D., Zuzula I. 1997. Country Study Slovakia, Final Report, U.S. Country Studies Program, Slovak Ministry of the Environment, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava, 108 pp. (English and Slovak edition in 1997)

Matejka F., 1995. The energy balance of plant canopies and soil moisture in the root zone. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 15, 43-51

Matejka F., 1996a. Soil moisture as a factor affecting the phytoclimate. Zeszyty problemove nauk rolniczych, 436, 87-92.

Matejka F., 1996b. Soil moisture as a factor affecting fluxes in the surface layer of the atmosphere above plant canopies. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 16, 27-39.

Matejka F., 1996c. Relationships between latent heat flux and available energy. In: Meteorological Processes in the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere. GI SAV Bratislava, 116-121.

Matejka F., 1997. A three-layer SVAT model for homogeneous land surfaces. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 17, 44-53.

Matejka F., 1998a. The influence of plant canopies on thermal stratification in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Meteorol. Eas., 1, 1, 23-27.

Matejka F., 1998b. Vertical profiles of air temperature and humidity above plant canopies. Contr. Geophys. Inst. SAS, Ser. Meteorol., 18, 47-55.

Matejka F., Huzulák J., 1995. Analysis of relationships between winter wheat leaf water potential and atmospherical factors. Biologia, 50, 105-114.

Melo M., 1996. Climate System and Greenhouse Effect of Atmosphere. In: Proceedings of the Conference: Forest Ecosystems and Global Climate Changes. LVÚ, Zvolen, 26-28. (in Slovak with English summary)

Melo M., 1996. Climate Change Scenarios. In: NKP SR, No. 4, MZP SR and SHMÚ, Bratislava, 5-21. (in Slovak with English summary)

Melo M., Slabý J., 1996. Global Solar Radiation Under the Climate of Strengthened Greenhouse Effect in Sliac. In: Hurtalová, T. (ed): Meteorological Processes in the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere. Proceedings of the International Conference Stará Lesná, GI SAS, SMS, Bratislava, 29-34.

Mindáš J., Lapin M., Škvarenina J., 1996. Climatic Changes and Forests in Slovakia. NKP SR, No. 5., MZP SR and SHMÚ, Bratislava, 98 pp. (in Slovak with English summary)

Mindáš J., Škvarenina J., Eaboun V., Iurský J., 1996. Supposed Impacts of Climate Changes upon the Forest Ecosystems in Slovakia. In: Proceedings of the Conference: Forest Ecosystems and Global Climate Changes. LVÚ, Zvolen, 39 - 45. (in Slovak with English summary)

Nieplová E., 1996. Climate Changes and Variability Monitoring and Homogenisation of Observation Series in Slovakia. In.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Dynamics and the Global Change Perspective in Cracow. Jagiellonian University Cracow, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Cracow, Zeszyty naukowe Universztetu Jagiellookiego, Prace geograficzne No. 102, Krakow, 123-130.

Nieplová E., 1996. Long-term Climate Monitoring. In: Proceedings of the Conference: Forest Ecosystems and Global Climate Changes. LVÚ, Zvolen 1996, 19-25 (in Slovak with English summary).

Nieplová E., Faško P., Lapin M., 1996. Temperature and Precipitation Scenarios for Slovakia (GCMs Outputs Downscaling). In.: Nemešová I. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference: Climate Variability and Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation (Prague 11-15. IX. 1995), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Prague, 193-197.

Nieplová E., Faško P., Lapin M., 1997. Regional Scenarios of Selected Temperature and Precipitation Characteristics in Slovakia. In.: NKP SR, No. 7., MZP SR and SHMÚ, Bratislava, 7-45 (in Slovak with English summary).

Novák V., Hurtalová T., Matejka F., 1997a. Evapotranspiration components modeling and its verification for the field crops. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 45, 1-2, 38-54.

Novák V., Hurtalová T., Matejka F., 1997b. Sensitivity analysis of the Penman type equation for calculation of potential evapotranspiration. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 45, 3, 173-178.

Novák V., Matejka F., 1998. Transport of water and energy in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. The influence of soil properties CD-ROM. 16th World Congress of Soil Science, Acts/Proceedings of the Congress on the CD-ROM. Cirad, Montpellier, (neeíslované strany).

Ostrožlík M., 1995. Solar radiation trend observed at Skalnaté Pleso. In: Recent Polish climatological investigations in Poland and abroad. PAN IGiPZ Warszawa, 45-49.

Ostrožlík M., 1996a. Annual regime of global solar radiation and air temperature at Skalnaté Pleso. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego, 315-319.

Ostrožlík M., 1996b. Global radiation and air temperature variations at Skalnaté Pleso. In: Climate Variability and Climate Change. Variability and Adaptation. IAP CAS Prague, 381-384.

Ostrožlík M., 1997. Long-term variations of global solar radiation and air temperature at Skalnaté Pleso. Acta Universitatis Wratislawiensis. Práce Institutu Geograficznego, Seria C, Meteorologia i klimatologia, 4, 27-30.

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