The Slovak National Committee for IAHS

     The starting phase of the IP ended in 1998 and has resulted in a number of activities. A coordinating body was established, a new system of Ph.D. study was introduced, several joint research grants have started. New joint project proposal on the hydrological bibliography, the hydrological atlas of Slovakia, extreme events and climate change impact research have been submitted. The activities included an extensive mobility program with participation of a number of young Slovak hydrologists at international conferences, on short courses, a series of lectures delivered by international experts in Bratislava, the organization of two workshops focusing on the priorities in education and research in hydrology, two workshops focusing on the management of international relations for Ph.D. students and IP staff members and an International Seminar on Challenges in Development of Hydrology held in Bratislava.

For direct measurement of transpiration through a stem (sap flow) the heat balance method was used. Continuous observation through the vegetation season permitted the analysis of the diurnal and seasonal courses of transpiration under both lowland (Molnár & Mészároš 1995; Mészároš & Molnár 1997a), and mountainous conditions (Mészároš & Molnár 1997b). Based on these a selection of the most relevant parameters influencing the transpiration was performed. Relationships, which allow to estimate the transpiration rates indirectly from the meteorological measurements, were found (Molnár & Mészároš 1998).
     The possibilities for the estimation of evapotranspiration in high mountain basins of Slovakia taking into account the two main problems related to evapotranspiration determination in mountainous environments, the availability of data and the high spatial variability, were analyzed (Miklánek 1997). A simple method for the modeling and approximation of the long-term average monthly potential evapotranspiration in different elevations has been developed (Miklánek 1995), (Miklánek 1998).
     A model for the estimation of the energy income and evapotranspiration from topographical and astronomical inputs, slopes, inclination and aspect, in a very complex mountainous terrain was developed (Miklánek & Mészároš 1998). A sensitivity analysis of the Penmann type model for the calculation of potential evapotranspiration was performed (Novák et al. 1997). Diverse mapping methods of the spatial distribution of the mean annual actual and potential evapotranspiration were tested using GIS techniques (Parajka & Szolgay 1998a,b).

Comparisons of design floods derived from classical regional flood formulae with statistically computed values using new data from 260 small and mid-sized basins (Kohnová & Szolgay 1996a,b), (Eunderlík 1997) showed a rather arbitrarily defined safety factor in these schemes. The need to test different regional approaches became apparent. The growing number of gauging stations in small basins with longer records made it possible to question the necessity of the use of envelope curves in the previous approaches and to examine, how some of the new concepts of homogeneity reported in the literature perform in the estimation of design discharges (Blaškovieová 1998), (Kupeo 1997), (Kohnová 1998).
     Homogeneous regions were defined in numerous ways and the idea of geographical regions was abandoned. Physiographic properties of basins and flood runoff characteristics were used as variables in cluster analysis to define homogeneous regions (Eunderlík 1999), (Kohnová & Szolgay 1997, 1998, 1999). Aspects under which the concept of homogeneity can be used for design purposes, the influence of the variability of the flood process, the length and quality of the relevant data on the validity of the concept, the profit from using different physiographic characteristics in the regionalization were discussed (Szolgay & Kohnová 1997, 1998).

The impact of forestry, agriculture and urban activities on the quality of surface water was analyzed. The AGNPS model was verified in several experimental microbasins. It was used for simulation of runoff, nutrient and pesticide washout from experimental microbasins with different land use during extreme rainfall-runoff situations (Koníeek, Miklánek & Pekárová 1997).
     Using daily data from fifteen forested and agricultural experimental catchments it was shown, that nitrate concentrations in surface waters have decreased in Slovakia after 1989 as a result of the lower application rates of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers in course of the decrease of agricultural production in Slovakia due to the economic change (Pekárová & Pekár 1996; Pekárová & Velísková 1998). The annual specific loads of nitrates varied from 5.90 to 110 kg ha^-1a^-1, the annual sulfate loads varied from 29.16 to 509.60 kg ha^-1a^-1 and the annual phosphate loads varied from 0.0098 to 0.0224 kg ha^-1a^-1 during 1990-92. Problems of mapping of critical loads were discussed (Babiaková et al. 1995).
     A method for the indirect determination of sulfate, phosphate, nitrate and chloride yield in surface waters, and a new method of nutrient washout modeling and forecasting from non-point sources of contamination was developed using data from experimental basins (Halmová, Koníeek, Miklánek & Pekárová 1997; Pekárová, Koníeek, Mendel & Halmová 1997). The volumes of different runoff components in basins with different land use were determined in experimental basins (Koníeek 1998).

Annual loads of nitrogen, phosphates, sulfates and chlorides from 11 main the Slovak tributaries of the Danube River were analyzed in a wet and dry year. The amounts of pollutants from the Slovak territory were estimated as 44 957 t of total nitrogen, 5 409 t of phosphates, 518 431 t of chlorides and 776 452 t of sulfates during the wet year. During the dry year 1989 32 942 t of total nitrogen, 5 434 t of phosphates, 317 261 t of chlorides and 656 507 t of sulfates were found. Relationships for the calculation of monthly pollutant yields from unit area from territory of the Slovak Republic were derived (Pekárová & Miklánek 1996).
     The applicability of different types of ARMA(p,q), ARIMA(p,q,d), as well as SARIMA(p,q,d)x(P,Q,D)L time series models for the long-term prediction of the monthly pollutant concentrations in the Danube River was tested. Due to the expressive trend character and seasonality of the water quality data, the autoregressive SARIMA model was selected for the prediction of the monthly discharge, monthly water temperature, monthly nitrate, BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen, sulfate, as well as for chloride concentrations in the Danube River (Pekárová, Pekár & Roneák 1997).
     The water quality time series of the Danube River were analyzed in 10 cross sections in Slovakia and Bulgaria from the period 1990-94. The annual regime of the water quality characteristics was determined, as well as the total and specific yields of the pollutants. The nitrogen concentrations and loads are much smaller downstream in Bulgaria compared to Slovakia, while sulfates are higher (Pekárová, Miklánek, Machkova & Dimitrov 1998).

Time series of hydrological variables were analyzed in order to detect climate change signals (Benický 1996), (Petrovie & Džupová 1995), (Majereáková et al. 1996).
     Downscaled results from the global circulation models CCCM, GISS and GFD3 and regional climate change scenarios WP A, WP B, SD A and SD B (Nieplová et al. (1996) developed within the framework of the Slovak National Climate Program (NCP) were used in the impact studies.
     For the determination of the climate change impact on the mean annual flow the Turc model has been selected (Szolgay et al. 1997). Grid maps of the long term average runoff yields for the whole territory of Slovakia have been constructed. Map algebra methods in a GIS environment were employed to compute areal averages of expected changes of runoff and to derive regions with a different degrees of climate change hazard (Szolgay et al. 1998).
     Several spatially lumped conceptual hydrological rainfall - runoff models were used in the climate change impact studies. The models were calibrated under a variety of different hydrologic situations in a number of catchments, which represent a wide spectrum of runoff regimes. Simulated runoff from different models exhibits the same character of changes in the seasonal distribution of mean monthly flows.
     In the northerm parts of Slovakia the mean monthly discharges should increase in the winter low flow period, spring flows could (partly substantially) decrease. Flow regime in the summer and the autumn will show stationary behavior with moderate decrease of runoff. The extremity of the decrease of mean monthly flows accelerates with the widening time horizon of the scenarios.
     In the southern areas the scenarios show a tendency towards creation of a stable dry period with low flows substantially below the values from the baseline time series. September remains to be the month with the lowest mean monthly discharges despite of the slight increase of flows in this month (Eunderlík & Hlaveová 1998), (Eunderlík et al. 1998), (Halmová et al. 1997), (Hlaveová & Eunderlík 1998), (Novák 1995), (Novák & Gallová 1998), (Pekárová et al. 1996), (Petrovie 1997, 1998), (Szolgay et al. 1998).
   The whole territory of Slovakia can become more vulnerable to drought in the summer and in the autumn. Basic strategies for the adaptation processes in water resources management in order to account for climate change impacts were suggested.. These include the transformation the natural hydrologic resources into managed resources. Interannual and seasonal redistribution of water and territorial redistribution of runoff from the north to the south will have to be considered in order to compensate the expected water shortage in the south of Slovakia. Revitalisation programs for watersheds in order to slow down runoff from the upper parts of basins and restoration projects of existing river training schemes will have to be implemented. Forestation and forest protection in the northern parts of Slovakia will be become increasingly important (Lapin 1997, 1998), (Lapin et al. 1996), (Szolgay et al. 1998).

quantitative characterization of the soil water, energy and dissolved matter regime in WSPA system (Novák, Slaboo & Majereák 1995),

development, verification and utilization of mathematical simulation models of WSPA system on various levels of integration (Šútor, Novák & Majereák 1997),

transport phenomena in a non- homogeneous WSPA system with different kinds of heterogeneity (Novák & Majereák 1995), (Novák & Majereák 1997),

characterization of properties of porous systems by means of lumped parameters or individually as for macropores (Štekauerová 1996),

root properties in dependence from the WSPA system characteristics and transport of water and ions between soil and roots (Šimunek et al 1997),

measurement and calculation of water and energy transport intensities between plants and atmosphere depending on plants properties (Hurtalová, Matejka, Novák & Šútor 1997),

estimation of bulk canopy resistance of different canopies and methods of its estimation for routine use in transpiration calculation (Novák, Hurtalová & Matejka 1997),

improvement of mathematical models of water, energy and solutes transport (Majereák 1996), (Majereák & Šútor 1997),

the use of the SWATRE, HYDRUS, SOIL, GLOBAL, CORNWAY models for the identification and prediction of the influence of technical structural measures on the soil water regime and crop yield (Majereák & Novák 1996), (Skalová, Klementová & Novák 1996), (Majereák, Novák & Vidovie 1996),

pedotransfer functions as useful tools of indirect soil physical characteristics estimation using known soil characteristics (Štekauerová 1996).

     It was found out that in certain periods, the soil water regime could be explained only by assuming an irregularly oscillating outflow of soil water into the lower horizons (Pražák et al. 1997, Šír et al. 1997, 1998). Kinematic approach was applied to the transport of iodide in the clay-loam soil (Germann et al. 1996).
     The small-scale field experiments have shown that the impact of land use on the ¹³¹I^- relative concentration vs. depth distributions was significant for small and medium cumulative infiltration (40-54 mm) but not so significant for the greater cumulative infiltration (100-108 mm). It seems that a threshold exists in the cumulative infiltration (similar to the Lagrangean length scale for diffusion-type process) required for any particle transported with the liquid to have a chance to move through all pore-size categories (Lichner et al. 1999).
     A radioactive tracer technique was used to follow the transport of cadmium in the unsaturated zone of loam soil. Considering the Cd adsorption only and the solute transport in the soil without macropores (retardation factor R_Cd = 670), all the ¹¹⁵Cd²⁺ should be observed in the top 10 cm layer. But the tracer distributions have shown that more than 40 % of applied ¹¹⁵Cd²⁺ penetrated deeper due to preferential flow in the macropores.
     These small-scale field experiments have shown that the bypassing ratio can vary from 19 to 55 % in the clay-loam soil under study, depending on the agrotechnical operations, meteorological events, biological activity and time. It was seen that the warm and rainless second half of April 1993 resulted in nearly as high macropore flow in a barley field as that in untilled soil and, therefore, in a substantial drop in fertilization and irrigation efficiency.

Babiaková G., Bodiš D., Rapant S., Roneák P., Závodský D., 1995. Problems of mapping critical loads and exceedances. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 45, 3, 91-103 (in Slovak).

Benický J., 1996. Klimatische Ä nderung oder nur eine langfristige Schwankung. In: Bergmann, H. ed.: XVIII. Konferenz der Donauländer, Graz, Band 19/1, A 199- A 204.

Blaškovieová L., 1997. The Flood in Slovakia in July 1997 and its Historical Significance. In: Works and Studies SHMI, No. 56. Bratislava,11-37.

Blaškovieová L., 1998. Problems with Determination of Values of N-year Flood Discharges. In: Works and Studies SHMI, No. 59. Bratislava, 59-66.

Eunderlík J., 1997. Regionalization of River Basins in the Flysh Belt Based on 100 Years Specific Discharges. Journal of Geography, 49, 3-4, 205-221. (in Slovak)

Eunderlík J., 1999. Flood flow regionalization based on L-moments and its use with the index flood procedure. In: Maršálek, J. ed.: Coping with Floods, Proceedings, NATO Advanced Research Workshop in Malenovice, Czech Republic, Kluwer Academic Publishers, in press, 8 pages.

Eunderlík J., Hlaveová K., 1998. The Seasonal Distribution of Runoff in Slovakia. In: Bonacci, O., ed.: Proceedings of 19th Conference of the Danube Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management. Osijek, CNC IHP UNESCO, 273-281.

Eunderlík J., Hlaveová K., Szolgay J., 1998. Effect of Climate Change on Seasonal Runoff Distribution for Selected Catchments in Slovakia. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 46, 2, 114-143. (in Slovak)

Dzubák M., Hlaveová K., Molnár P., Szolgay J., Tihlárik R., 1997. Flood Hydrology of the Kysuca Basin. In.: Molnar, L. et al. eds.: Developments in the Hydrology of Mountainous Areas. Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 8, IHP UNESCO, Paris, 263 – 268.

Fendeková M., 1995. Factor analysis of catchment characteristics. J. Hydrol. Hydromech, 43, 4-5, 371-380.

Feranec J., O?ahe3 J., Pravda J., 1996. Krajinná pokrývka Slovenska. Geographia Slovaca 11, Bratislava, Geografický ústav SAV, s.95.

Germann P., Mdaghri A., Lichner 1., Novák V., 1996. Kinematic approach to the transport of iodide in a heavy clay soil in situ. Annales Geophysicae, 14, Suppl. II, C320.

Grešková A., 1997. Digitálna mapa transmisivity horninového prostredia. Geografický easopis, 49, 223-229.

Halmová D., Koníeek A., Miklánek P., Pekárová P., 1997. Comparison of the pollutant loads from small agricultural and forested catchments. In: Proc. Int. Symp. Hydrology of Small Agricultural Catchments (ed. by C. Cunnane), XXI. General Assembly of EGS, European Geophysical Society, 11.1-11.7.

Halmová D., Miklánek P., Pekárová P., 1997. The simulation of climatic runoff regime change using HBV rainfall-runoff model. In: Proc. of the 22nd General EGS Assembly. Part II. Supplement II. Vol. 15. Annales Geophysicae.

Hlaveová K., Eunderlík J., 1998. Impact of Climate Change on Seasonal Distribution of Runoff in Mountainous Basins in Slovakia. In: Kovar, K., et al. eds.: Hydrology, Water Resources and Ecology in Headwaters. IAHS publ. No. 248, Bolzano, IAHS Press, 39-46.

Holko L., 1995. Stable environmental isotopes of ¹⁸O and ²H in hydrological research of mountainous catchment. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 43(4-5), 249-274.

Holko L., Lepistö A., 1997. Modelling the hydrological behaviour of a mountainous catchment using TOPMODEL. Journal of Hydrology, 196, 361-377.

Hurtalová T., Matejka F., Novák V., Šútor J., 1997. The dependence of turbulent fluxes on surface characteristics of plant canopies. Annales Geophysicae, 15, Suppl. II, C294.

Kohnová S., 1998. Regional analysis of maximum seasonal specific discharges on small and mid-sized catchments in Slovakia. Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. VI, 4, 27-34.

Kohnová S., Szolgay J., 1996a. Regionalisierung maximaler Abflußspenden in kleinen Einzugsgebieten der Slowakei. Zeitschrift für Kulturtechnik und Landentwicklung. 28, 3, 116-121.

Kohnová S., Szolgay J., 1996b. The estimation of specific maximum discharges on small catchments. (in Slovak) J. Hydrol. Hydromech, 44, 2-3, 164-183.

Kohnová S., Szolgay J., 1996c. Möglichkeiten der Standardisierung von Methoden zur Bestimmung der Bemessungshochwasser in kleinen Einzugsgebieten der Slowakei. In: Bergmann, H. ed.: XVIII. Konferenz der Donauländer, Graz, Band 19/1, B147-153.

Kohnová S., Szolgay J., 1997. Geomorphological Regionalization of Specific Maximum Seasonal Discharges in Small Catchments in Slovakia. In: Diekkrueger, B. – Richter, O. eds.: International Conference on Regionalisation in Hydrology Landschfstsoekologie und Umweltforschung, UNESCO, IHP, Heft 25, Braunschweig, 125-128.

Kohnová S., Szolgay J., 1998. Regional Estimation of Mean Annual Summer Floods and Its Variability in the Flysh Region of Slovakia. In: Bonacci, O. ed.: Proceedings, 19^th Conference of the Danube Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management. Osijek, CNC IHP UNESCO, 215-222.

Kohnová S., Szolgay J., 1999. Regional estimation of design summer flood discharge in small catchments of northern Slovakia. In: Gottschalk, L. – Olivry, C. – Reed, D. – Rosbjerg, D. eds.: Hydrological extremes: Understanding, Predicting, Mitigating. IAHS publ. No. 255, IAHS Press Wallingford (in press).

Koníeek A., 1998. Runoff separation in basins with different land use. (in Slovak) J.Hydrol. Hydromech., 46, 6, 460-468.

Koníeek A., Miklánek P., Pekárová P., 1997. The estimation of pollutant loads from experimental microbasins during extreme hydrological events. In: Ecohydrological processes in small basins (ERB), UNESCO Technical documents in hydrology No. 14, Paris, 65-70.

Kostka Z., 1995. Soil moisture spatial variability in mountain catchment and role of forest as hydrological factor. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 43(4-5), 301-318.

Kostka Z., Holko L., 1997. Soil moisture and runoff generation in small mountain basin. Publication of the Slovak Committee for Hydrology No. 2, IH SAS and NC IHP UNESCO Bratislava, 90 p.

Kupeo M., 1997. Estimation of design N-year floods for homogenous region. (in Slovak) J. Hydrol. Hydromech, 45, 4, 226-252.

Kutílek M., Novák V., 1996. History of Soil Science in Central and Eastern Europe. In: History of Soil Science - Perspectives. Dan H.Yaalon & S.M. Berkowitz (Editors), Adv. in Geoecology 29, Catena Verl., Reiskirchen, 450.

Lapin M., 1995. Assessment of the Slovak Republic’s vulnerability to climate change and adaptive strategies design. (in Slovak) J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 43, 4 -5, 354-370.

Lapin M., 1996. Possible Global Warming Impacts upon Changes in Main Climate Elements and Selected Socio-Economic Sectors in Slovakia. In.: Wennerberg, G. ed.: Proceedings of European Conference on Applied Climatology (Abstract Volume), SMHI, Norrkoping, 13-214.

Lapin M., Závodský D., Majereáková O., Špánik F., 1996. Preliminary Results of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Slovakia. In: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change. U.S. Country Studies Program, Kluver Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 295-312.

Lepistö A., Andersson L., Herrmann A., Holko L., 1997. Hydrological processes in forested catchment. FRIEND Third Report 1994-1997, CEMAGREF, Lyon, 317-329.

Lichner 1., 1995. A nuclear tracer technique for investigation of solute transport in the unsaturated zone of soil. In: Leibundgut, Ch. (ed): Proc. Int. Symp. Tracer technologies for hydrological systems, Boulder 1995. IAHS Publication No. 229, Wallingford, 109-116.

Lichner 1., 1997. In-situ measurement of bypassing ratio in macroporous soil. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 45, 365-376.

Lichner 1., 1998a. Vplyv makropórového prúdenia na prenos kadmia v pôde. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 46, 207-217.

Lichner 1., 1998b. Estimation of bypassing ratio in macroporous soil. In: Clothier, B.E. - Voltz, M.Y. (eds): Proc. 16th World Congress of Soil Science, Symp. no. 3: Mass and energy transfers in soils, CD by Cirad, Montpellier, 7.

Lichner 1., Eipáková A., 1998. Vulnerability of groundwater in the Danubian Lowland to cadmium. In: Proc. ESA V Congress, Vol. II, Nitra, p. 244-245.

Lichner 1., Mészároš I., Germann P., Mdaghri Alaoui A., Šír M., Faško P., 1999. Impact of land-use change on nutrient fluxes in structured soils. In: Steenvoorden, J. (ed): Proc. Int. Symp. Impact of land-use change on nutrient loads from diffuse sources, Birmingham 1999. IAHS Publication No. 257, Wallingford.

Majereák J., 1996. Simulation of simultaneous movement of water, chemicals and heat through the soil profile. In: Proceedings of XVIIIth International Workshop Advanced Simulation of Systems, Záboeh na Moravi, September 17-19, Department of Computer Science of FEI, VŠB - Technical University Ostrava, Jan Štefan Editor, 78 - 82.

Majereák J., Novák V., 1996. GLOBAL a numerical model for water movement in the soil root zone. Monograph, Inst. of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 75p.

Majereák J., Šútor J., 1997. Modelling as a tool for estimation of some water regime parameters in soil-vegetation-atmosphere system. In: Proc. Modelling and Simulation in Management and Control, Sú3ov 6. - 8. október 1997, M. Alexík editor, Žilina, pp. 104-109.

Majereák J., Novák V., Vidovie J., 1996. The model CORNWAY - a tool for analysing of relation between soil-water regime and yield of maize (Zea Mays, L.). International Agrophysics, Vol. 10, No. 4, Lublin, 269 - 276.

Majereáková O., Fendeková M., Lešková D., 1996. The Variability of the Hydrological Series Due Extreme Climate Conditions and the Possible Change of the Hydrological Characteristics with Respect to Potential Climate Change. In: IAHS Publication, No. 246.

Mdaghri Alaoui A., Germann P., Lichner 1., Novák V., 1997. Preferential transport of water and 131 Iodide in a clay loam assessed with TDR-technique and boundary layer flow theory. Hydrol. Earth System Sciences, 1, 813-822.

Mészároš I., Molnár 1., 1997a. Sap flow measurement of floodplain forest of the Danube river. In: Ecohydrological processes in small basins, UNESCO Technical documents in hydrology 14, Paris, 21-26.

Mészároš I., Molnár 1., 1997b. Transpiration study in mountainous environment. In: Developments in hydrology of mountainous areas, UNESCO Technical documents in hydrology 8, Paris, 133-136.

Miklánek P., 1995. Annual course of potential evapotranspiration in different altitudes. J.Hydrol. Hydromech., 43, 4-5, 275-287.

Miklánek P., 1997. Some approaches to evapotranspiration determination in the mountains. In: Developments in Hydrology of Mountainous Areas, UNESCO Technical documents in hydrology 8, Paris, 113-116.

Miklánek P., 1998. Estimation of Mean Evaporation Patterns with Respect to Elevation. In: Proc. Ecohydrology of High Mountain Areas. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, 285-290.

Miklánek P., Mészároš I., 1998. Modelling of potential evapotranspiration in mountainous areas taking into account the terrain shadowing. In: Proc. HeadWater’98 Conference. European Academy, Bolzano, 54-57.

Molnár 1., Mészároš I., 1998. Relationship of Transpiration to Rainfall, Air Temperature and Soil Moisture in a Mountainous Region. In: Ecohydrology of High Mountain Areas. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, 291-297.

Molnár 1., Mészároš I., 1995. The role of transpiration in the water balance of the Danube floodplain forest area. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 43, 4-5, 288-300.

Nieplová E., Faško P., Lapin M., 1996. Temperature and Precipitation Scenarios for Slovakia (GCMs Outputs Downscaling). In.: Nemešová I. ed.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Variability and Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation. Prague 11-15. IX. 1995, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Prague, 193-197.

Novák V., 1995. The impact of climate change upon the annual water balance over Slovakia. (in Slovak) J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 43, 1-2, 102-116.

Novák V., Gallová C., 1998. Mathematical modelling of annual soil water content changes and sensitivity of the model to soil hydraulic characteristrics. (in Slovak) J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 46, 6, 427-432.

Novák V., Hurtalová T., Matejka F., 1997. Evapotranspiration components modelling and its verification for the field crops. J.Hydrol. Hydromech., 45, 1-2, 38-54.

Novák V., Hurtalová T., Matejka F., 1997. Sensitivity analysis of the Penman type equation for calculation of potential evapotranspiration. J.Hydrol. Hydromech., 45, 3, 173-186.(in Slovak)

Novák V., Majereák J., 1995. Mathematical modelling of SVAT system .In: Proc. of 11. Polish-Slovak Sem. Physics of Soil Water, Lublin, Poland, Inst. of Agrophysics,PAN,Lublin, p.18.

Novák V., Majereák J., 1997. Mathematical modelling of the infiltration of water into cracked soil. In: Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Agrophys., September 15-18, Lublin, Poland, v.1, 1997, 116-117.

Novák V., Slaboo S., Majereák J. , 1995. Mathematical simulation of solute transport in porous material. In: Advanced simulation of systems. Proc. 17th Int. Czech-Poland-Slovak Colloquium -Workshop, Záboeh na Morave.Dept. of Comp. Sci.,VSB Tech. Univ. Ostrava,Czech and Slovak Simulation Soc., SCS, EUROSIM, ASU, MARQ Ostrava, (J. Štefan ed.), Ostrava,v.2, pp.18-20.

Parajka J., Szolgay J., 1998. Grid based mapping of long-term mean annual potential and actual evapotranspiration in Slovakia. In: Kovar, K., et al. eds.: Hydrology, Water Resources and Ecology in Headwaters. IAHS publ. No. 248, Wallingford, IAHS Press, 123 – 129.

Parajka J., Szolgay J., 1998. Grid-based mapping of long-term mean annual runoff and evapotranspiration in Slovakia. In: Bonacci, O. ed.: Proceedings, XIX Conference of the Danube Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management. Osijek, CNC IHP UNESCO 1998, 261- 266.

Pekárová P., Halmová D., Miklánek P., 1996. Runoff simulation under climate change conditions in the Ondavy basin. (in Slovak) J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 44, 5, 291-311.

Pekárová P., Halmová D., Miklánek P., 1996. Simulation of the climate change impact upon the runoff regime in Ondava basin. (in Slovak) J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 44, 5, 291-311.

Pekárová P., Koníeek A., Mendel O., Halmová D., 1997. Analysis of the selected pollutants in forested catchments in the Carpathian region. In: Developments in hydrology of mountainous areas, UNESCO Technical documents in hydrology No.8, Paris, 203-208.

Pekárová P., Koníeek A., Miklánek P., Staneík Š., Pekár J., 1998. Non-point source water quality and quantity simulation at upper Torysa catchment. (in Slovak) J.Hydrol.Hydromech., 46, 6, 373-397.

Pekárová P., Miklánek P., 1996. The balance of pollutant loads by Slovak rivers into the Danube River. In: Proc. XVIIIth Conference of the Danube Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases and Water Management, TU Graz, Austria, Vol.2, E85-90.

Pekárová P., Miklánek P., Machkova M., Dimitrov D., 1998. Water Quality of the Danube in Its Middle and Downstream Parts. In: Proc. XIXth Conference of the Danube Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management, Hrvatske vode, Zagreb, 807-814.

Pekárová P., Pekár J., 1996. The Impact of Land Use on Stream Water Quality in Slovakia. Journal of Hydrology, 180, 333-350.

Pekárová P., Pekár J., 1998. The chemical regime and interaction of surface- and groundwater in the Small Carpathian region. Ecology, 17, 4, 391-406.

Pekárová P., Pekár J., Roneák P., 1997. The long-term forecast of monthly water quality in the Danube river. In: Ecohydrological processes in small basins (ERB), UNESCO Technical documents in hydrology No. 14, Paris, 85-92.

Pekárová P., Velísková Y., 1998. Modelling of the water quality in Ondava basin. (in Slovak) Veda Publishing House, Bratislava, 254 p.

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